Skip to main content
The Actuary: The magazine of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries - return to the homepage Logo of The Actuary website
  • Search
  • Visit The Actuary Magazine on Facebook
  • Visit The Actuary Magazine on LinkedIn
  • Visit @TheActuaryMag on Twitter
Visit the website of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries Logo of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries

Main navigation

  • News
  • Features
    • General Features
    • Interviews
    • Students
    • Opinion
  • Topics
  • Knowledge
    • Business Skills
    • Careers
    • Events
    • Predictions by The Actuary
    • Whitepapers
    • Moody's - Climate Risk Insurers series
    • Webinars
    • Podcasts
  • Jobs
  • IFoA
    • CEO Comment
    • IFoA News
    • People & Social News
    • President Comment
  • Archive
Quick links:
  • Home
  • The Actuary Issues
  • March 2015
03

New frontiers in agricultural insurance

Open-access content Friday 27th February 2015 — updated 8.31pm, Wednesday 29th April 2020

Dr. Auguste Boissonnade reveals how agriculture catastrophe risk models are used to manage large loss potentials in the fast growing agricultural insurance industry

Auguste Boissonnade

With an estimated global insurance premium of USD 31bn in 2014 and annual average growth rates of 20%, agriculture insurance has grown four-fold since 2005 and is, in many countries, the largest speciality line in terms of premium volume. The main growth has come from North America with the introduction of revenue-based crop insurance and, more recently, from emerging markets such as China, India and Brazil, driven by rapidly increasing insurance penetration. Agriculture is seen as a diversifying risk to other insurance lines of business and is attracting more and more reinsurance capacity, collateralised reinsurance and side cars. The occurrence of devastating droughts and floods and eradication of livestock populations following disease outbreaks have brought agriculture risk management to the attention of actuaries, catastrophe risk managers and accumulation controllers. While similar to property risks in terms of exposure to natural disasters, agriculture needs a specific approach to risk management approach and risk modelling to assess large loss events.

The actuarial approach

Actuaries have been supporting pricing for agriculture risks in well developed markets such as Europe, North America, South Africa and Australia where long insurance claims histories are available and allow extensive "as-if" analyses. The lognormal distribution has become the most commonly used way to extrapolate high return period crop losses from 20-30 years of loss history reflecting changes in geographical spread and insurance conditions. Copula functions are applied to aggregate losses from different lines of business such as crop, livestock and forestry to obtain contract level losses.

However, loss potentials from systemic perils such as large-scale droughts, floods, typhoons, epidemic livestock diseases and catastrophic forest fires are challenging to extrapolate with statistical concepts and require new approaches. This is even more relevant in emerging markets with short insurance loss histories, rapid changes in product designs and coverage and an increasing number of new risk types being insured in a fast growth environment.

Many underwriters are asking themselves how climate change has and will impact portfolio performances and how climate circulation anomalies such as El Nino or La Nina can create systemic losses over an entire insurance and reinsurance portfolio. While irrigation mitigates low-return-period droughts, the industry is asking itself how much irrigation water will be available in the presence of severe droughts. Similarly, the impact of government flood protection schemes and increasing stocks of emergency vaccines for livestock to address epidemics is difficult to estimate. As food security is high on government agendas and farming in net importing countries becomes strategic, more marginal agriculture land is brought in production, with the concern of how new agriculture frontiers behave in terms of natural disaster impact.

The catastrophe modelling approach

Based on the concept of catastrophe models used for property risks, agriculture models rely on multi-disciplinary teams to apply state-of-the-art science in simulating the physical nature of hazards such as drought, flood, frost, typhoon, epidemic livestock diseases and forest fires. However, modelling biological systems such as crop production is complex since planting dates vary in space and time, crops can recover from disaster impacts depending on the time of occurrence. Further, crops are highly vulnerable with a severe to total loss occurring at least every 30 years on an average at farm level. This makes the assessment of spatial hazard correlation extremely important in order to determine low frequency, but high severity, loss events. As losses are only determined at the end of the growing season as the result of the impact of all insured perils, establishing correlations between perils becomes essential. 

A crop model has to reflect the ways crop insurance works, either as named-peril policies where loss adjustors evaluate mean damage ratios by inspection or yield-based where multiple perils are insured and yield reduction determines loss payments. Due to small farm sizes and the lack of infrastructure in emerging markets, weather and yield index insurance are often the only ways to insure crop risks at large scale and a different approach is needed in terms of modelling catastrophe events.

In the same way, the spread vectors for epidemic livestock diseases and management practises as well as government contingency plans need to be understood to build a robust livestock model. In order to simulate losses from forest fires, the frequency and severity of such events has to reply on satellite-detected fires.

Robust models have to be calibrated at a given geographical resolution - but in emerging markets, the access to both insurance and hazard data is often only obtained through strategic partnerships with local experts and institutes. Solid models need to account for spatial variability and uncertainty in modelling the variability of losses at lower resolution while accounting for correlations between perils, provinces and lines of business when simulating losses. Equally important is the detailed refection of insurance terms and conditions in the model to allow the user "on the flight" adjustments.

Big data

Agriculture risk management is about having access to 'big data' since growth conditions, risk types, climate and insurance terms vary largely in space. Solid crop models are based on large databases including simulated weather patterns with tempo-spatial correlations, crop planting areas, soil types, irrigation application, fertiliser use, crop rotation and planting calendars. The use of a 'water balance' equation is one way to simulate drought and has been proven to be a viable alternative to running more complex models used by researchers to forecast yields. Similarly, livestock data need to include livestock densities which drive diseases, disease spread vectors and government contingency plans to address outbreaks of highly contagious diseases. In emerging markets, it is these databases that will ultimately allow an insurer or government to assess agriculture risks in detail and to gain the necessary confidence to start agriculture insurance. Ultimately, big data initiatives will support selling agriculture insurance policies via smart phones based on highly sophisticated indices and will make agriculture insurance and risk management rapidly scalable and accessible to a large majority of those mostly affected - the farmers.

Not knowing the risk is the risk

The benefit of using agriculture risk models is undoubtedly highest in emerging markets with a short loss history, limited data and strong growth ahead. Models allow insurers to systematically select risks, support discussions with governments to derive risk-adequate premium rates and evaluate large loss potentials. Reinsurers are increasingly using agriculture models to price agriculture risks and to assess PMLs at portfolio level. Like in the property industry, agriculture models will soon allow the establishment of consistent indices which will be the basis for agriculture catastrophe bonds where insurers can benefit from capital markets. In the same way, indices will allow risk transfer with governments to protect ad-hoc disaster budgets. 

Being at the forefront of this development, Asia Risk Centre has developed agriculture models for China and India and built an underwriting platform to support insurers in pricing and managing index-based crop portfolios. Collaborating with leading insurers such as PICC in China and IFFCO-Tokio in India assures that models are tailored to the local market needs while at the same time the models are used by large reinsurers such as Swiss Re. Property catastrophe modellers have started dedicating some time in understanding and running agriculture models at leading reinsurance companies - and the industry might soon see a new profession in "Agriculture Catastrophe Modeller". While reinsurers and brokers are very familiar with models, more investments are needed in educating insurers in emerging markets.

Untapped potential

The key potential is in emerging markets where agriculture still contributes largely to GDP and where food production has become strategic - China, India and Indonesia plan to boost crop production and the world is looking at Africa to close the gap between food demand and supply. Despite an impressive growth in emerging markets, the agriculture insurance penetration, defined as the insurance premium as a percentage of agriculture GDP is only 0.2% compared to 6.5% in the US - the world's largest agriculture insurance market (Table 1 below). At the global average penetration of 0.6%, the agriculture insurance premium in emerging markets would reach USD 21bn.

Table 1: Agriculture GDP, agriculture insurance premium and penetration ratios for the top 10 agriculture producers
With the implementation of specific solvency requirements for agriculture risks by insurance regulators (like in China), insurers have started using agriculture models to assess large loss potentials. Agriculture risk models are becoming more sophisticated as markets grow and exposures increase underlined by the demand of key stakeholders to model and report risks in this growing line of business. There is an increasing demand for more available and reliable data to be shared about the exposure at risk, its vulnerability to the different perils, and transparency on understanding how the physical nature of these perils are modelled.

Dr Auguste Boissonnade is chief technology officer at Asia Risk Centre www.asiariskcentre.com

This article appeared in our March 2015 issue of The Actuary .
Click here to view this issue

You may also be interested in...

ta

A collaborative affair: working together to mitigate risk

Natasha Regan says that collaboration is the way to understand actuarial risks as the FRC asks for your views on its discussion paper
Friday 27th February 2015
Open-access content
ta

Critical developments at Lloyd's in the early 1990s

The problems at Lloyd's started in the early 1980s with the gradual emergence of latent (dormant) claims
Friday 27th February 2015
Open-access content
ta

Steering prediction parameters

In the wake of repeated floundering of governance and risk management, navigating these waters has become a priority, writes Michael Mainelli
Friday 27th February 2015
Open-access content
2

Power to focus

Pete Wilkinson advises ditching new year’s resolutions in favour of a programme of beneficial routines as the route to personal and professional success
Thursday 26th February 2015
Open-access content
2

Bankers and bonuses

Darryl Boulton argues that talk of banning bonuses is just political posturing and makes no practical sense
Thursday 26th February 2015
Open-access content
Floods insurance cover risk

European Commission approves Flood Re

The European Commission has approved the UK Flood reinsurance scheme, known as Flood Re.
Friday 30th January 2015
Open-access content

Latest from Environment

rdth

Make My Money Matter's Tony Burdon on the practical power of sustainable pensions

Years working in international development showed Tony Burdon, head of Make My Money Matter, that sustainable pensions can harness trillions of pounds to build a better world – at a scale governments and charities can’t. He talks to Travis Elsum
Wednesday 1st March 2023
Open-access content
iugu

Interview: chemist and climate expert Sir David King on how actuaries can save the Arctic

Actuaries can save the Arctic, according to esteemed chemist and climate-change expert Sir David King. He tells Alex Martin that risk management is as relevant to preserving the planet as groundbreaking science
Wednesday 1st February 2023
Open-access content
dty

Can we embrace a circular economy?

With our pull on the planet’s resources, are we bold enough to embrace a circular economy? The potential benefits are not just material, argues Travis Elsum
Wednesday 1st February 2023
Open-access content

Latest from March 2015

2

Have your say: Council elections

The future of the profession depends on you – and, crucially, your vote, writes Derek Cribb
Tuesday 31st March 2015
Open-access content

Small firms want list of pension providers to avoid non-compliance

Nearly two thirds (61%) of firms with up to 250 staff would like a list of recommended pension providers that accept smaller companies, research has found.
Tuesday 31st March 2015
Open-access content

Nick Mann: A consummate professional and charming presence

The Actuary team was shocked and saddened to learn of the tragic death of our former colleague Nick Mann in an accident on London Underground at the weekend.
Tuesday 31st March 2015
Open-access content

Latest from no_opening_image

TPR publishes coronavirus guidance

The Pensions Regulator (TPR) has published guidance to help UK pension trustees, employers and administrators deal with the financial and regulatory risks posed by coronavirus.
Monday 23rd March 2020
Open-access content
web_p24_cat-and-fish_iStock-483454069.png

Sensitivity analysis: swimming lessons

Silvana Pesenti, Alberto Bettini, Pietro Millossovich and Andreas Tsanakas present their alternative approach to sensitivity analysis
Wednesday 4th March 2020
Open-access content
ta

IFoA adjudication panel: Mr Jack Wicks, student

On 30 October 2019 the Adjudication Panel considered an allegation of misconduct against Mr Jack Wicks (the respondent).
Friday 28th February 2020
Open-access content

Latest from inline_image_missing_alt_text

TPR publishes coronavirus guidance

The Pensions Regulator (TPR) has published guidance to help UK pension trustees, employers and administrators deal with the financial and regulatory risks posed by coronavirus.
Monday 23rd March 2020
Open-access content
2

Bitcoin: In the vaults

Blockchain technology and the trading of bitcoin were introduced in October 2008 in the famous paper by Satoshi Nakamoto.
Wednesday 4th March 2020
Open-access content
web_p24_cat-and-fish_iStock-483454069.png

Sensitivity analysis: swimming lessons

Silvana Pesenti, Alberto Bettini, Pietro Millossovich and Andreas Tsanakas present their alternative approach to sensitivity analysis
Wednesday 4th March 2020
Open-access content

Latest from 03

2

Appetite for change

Simon Willes and Alex Barrell discuss why VaR may not be a healthy option for setting risk appetite
Thursday 12th March 2015
Open-access content
2

Oil on troubled waters?

Andrew Sentance discusses why low inflation should not delay interest rate rises
Thursday 26th February 2015
Open-access content
2

Riders on the storm

Instead of pension and life funds acting as economic stabilisers, they are compounding instability in financial markets. Ashok Gupta explains why a more long-term approach is recommended by a Bank of England study
Thursday 26th February 2015
Open-access content
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
  • Linked in
  • Mail
  • Print

Latest Jobs

Shape the Future of Insurance

London (Central)
£ excellent package
Reference
149090

Senior Pricing Actuary - Life Reinsurance

London (Central)
£ excellent
Reference
149089

Insurance Investment Leadership Opportunities

Flexible / hybrid with 2 days p/w office-based
£ dependent upon experience
Reference
149088
See all jobs »
 
 
 
 

Sign up to our newsletter

News, jobs and updates

Sign up

Subscribe to The Actuary

Receive the print edition straight to your door

Subscribe
Spread-iPad-slantB-june.png

Topics

  • Data Science
  • Investment
  • Risk & ERM
  • Pensions
  • Environment
  • Soft skills
  • General Insurance
  • Regulation Standards
  • Health care
  • Technology
  • Reinsurance
  • Global
  • Life insurance
​
FOLLOW US
The Actuary on LinkedIn
@TheActuaryMag on Twitter
Facebook: The Actuary Magazine
CONTACT US
The Actuary
Tel: (+44) 020 7880 6200
​

IFoA

About IFoA
Become an actuary
IFoA Events
About membership

Information

Privacy Policy
Terms & Conditions
Cookie Policy
Think Green

Get in touch

Contact us
Advertise with us
Subscribe to The Actuary Magazine
Contribute

The Actuary Jobs

Actuarial job search
Pensions jobs
General insurance jobs
Solvency II jobs

© 2023 The Actuary. The Actuary is published on behalf of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries by Redactive Publishing Limited. All rights reserved. Reproduction of any part is not allowed without written permission.

Redactive Media Group Ltd, 71-75 Shelton Street, London WC2H 9JQ